What does a student learn in StateAlabama,GradeGrade 10,SubjectSocial Studies,Specializationany focus?

Students study how the United States took shape after independence, looking at the Constitution, early government, and the decisions that set the country's direction.

Students study how the United States grew its borders and reshaped its laws during the 1800s, covering westward expansion, political reform movements, and the tensions those changes created at home.

Students study the tensions between North and South that pulled the United States apart, from the debates over slavery and states' rights to the outbreak of the Civil War.

Students trace how the United States expanded westward after the Civil War, including how new territories were settled, Indigenous lands were taken, and industries like railroads and ranching reshaped the country.

Students examine how the United States shifted from a farming economy to an industrial one in the late 1800s, looking at factories, railroads, and the workers and business leaders who shaped that change.

Students use geographic tools like maps and data to explain why places look and feel the way they do, and how location shapes the way people live.

Sociology is the study of how people behave in groups. Students examine why societies form rules, how culture shapes everyday life, and what happens when communities change over time.

A broad look at the social studies subject area as a whole. Students get an overview of history, geography, civics, and economics before focusing on any one area in depth.

Students examine the late 1700s and 1800s, when political upheaval in America, France, and Latin America reshaped how governments were built and who held power.

Students read news articles, ads, and social media posts to figure out who made the message, why they made it, and whether the information holds up.

Students read maps, analyze landforms, and explain how where people live shapes how they live.

Psychology is the study of how people think, feel, and behave. Students explore what shapes human behavior, from memory and emotion to how people interact in groups.

Jewish life in Europe before World War II was rich and varied. Students study how antisemitism grew in that same period, shaping laws, violence, and daily life for Jewish communities across the continent.

Students examine how geography shapes the way people live, including the languages they speak, the foods they eat, and the traditions they keep across different regions.

Students trace how a culture, movement, or conflict began, looking at the people, places, and events that set it in motion.

Students study how Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party rose to power in Germany during the 1930s, including the economic despair, political weakness, and propaganda that made that rise possible.

Students examine how identity forms through family, culture, and social groups, and how those influences shape the way people see themselves and behave around others.

Students find reliable sources, take notes, and build an argument or explanation around real evidence. It's the same process a journalist or historian uses.

Students study how the brain and nervous system shape behavior, emotions, and thought. This includes how hormones, genetics, and brain structure influence why people act and feel the way they do.

International Relations covers how countries interact: through trade, treaties, conflict, and diplomacy. Students study why nations cooperate or clash and how those decisions shape daily life around the world.

Students study why wars, protests, and political disputes begin, and how they reshape societies, borders, and everyday life.

Students trace how European powers carved up the globe in the late 1800s, then explain how that competition for land and influence pulled nations into the first world war.

Students research a real issue, build an argument with evidence, and present their findings. This project pulls together the skills, knowledge, and habits of mind developed across the course.

Students trace why people move from one place to another and where they choose to settle. They look at the push and pull forces behind migration, from conflict and poverty to job opportunities and family ties.

Students study the specific laws, propaganda, and government actions Nazi Germany used to strip Jewish people and other targeted groups of their rights, property, and lives.

Students examine how groups, from families to peer networks, shape who people become. They look at how social norms, roles, and shared expectations influence behavior and identity over time.

Students examine major global events and debates, like conflicts, elections, and climate policy, to understand why they happened and what they mean for people around the world.

Cognitive psychology studies how the brain takes in, stores, and uses information. Students examine memory, attention, problem-solving, and decision-making to understand why people think and behave the way they do.

Students study the legal battles, protests, and legislation that shaped equal rights in America. They examine what changed, who fought for it, and what barriers remained.

Students examine how natural resources, geography, and climate shape what a region produces, trades, and earns. Think oil fields, farmland, and coastlines as economic engines.

Students study the two decades between World War I and World War II, including the rise of fascism, the Great Depression, and how those pressures pushed the world into a second global war.

Students examine real-world problems like poverty, inequality, or discrimination and trace how societies have responded to them over time.

Students trace how World War II unfolded across Europe, from Hitler's early invasions through the fall of Berlin. They study key battles, turning points, and the decisions that shaped the outcome of the war.

Students practice resolving disagreements by weighing competing viewpoints, finding common ground, and reaching a decision the group can accept.

This standard covers how governments are structured and how they work. Students examine the roles of different branches, levels of authority, and the rules that hold political systems together.

Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology focused on diagnosing and treating mental health conditions. Students study how psychologists assess patients, design treatment plans, and apply research to real-world mental health care.

Economics covers how people, businesses, and governments decide what to make, buy, and sell when resources are limited. Students study prices, markets, trade, and how those decisions shape everyday life.

Students examine the Nazi regime's systematic murder of six million Jewish people during World War II. This includes how the genocide was planned, carried out, and what the world knew while it was happening.

Students study the decades-long standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II, including the arms race, proxy wars, and the political tension that shaped the second half of the twentieth century.

Students examine how trade, technology, and migration have connected countries into one interdependent world economy. They look at how those connections shape local jobs, cultures, and politics today.

This era covers the years after World War II, when the United States reshaped its economy, foreign policy, and daily life during a period of prosperity, tension with the Soviet Union, and rapid social change.

Students follow the chain of events from the French and Indian War through the Revolution to the moment the U.S. became its own country. They learn what sparked the break with Britain and how the war unfolded over nearly 30 years.

From 1754 to 1775, Britain passed laws and taxes that colonists had no say in creating. Students explain how those decisions built resentment and pushed colonists toward rebellion.

Students examine how colonists pushed back against British rules, looking at protests like boycotts and the arguments made in pamphlets and speeches to explain why they believed independence was justified.

Students read the Declaration of Independence and explain why colonists broke from Britain, focusing on ideas like equal rights, personal freedom, and the belief that government must follow the law.

Key colonial leaders, military strategy, and help from France and other countries all shaped the outcome of the Revolutionary War. Students weigh how much each factor mattered in turning the tide toward American victory.

Different groups in colonial America took different sides in the Revolutionary War, each for their own reasons. Students compare what free and enslaved Black Americans, Native Americans, Loyalists, and women gained or lost when the war ended.

Students trace how a decade of big decisions, from ending the Revolutionary War to ratifying the Constitution, shaped the kind of government the United States became. They weigh what worked, what failed, and why those choices still matter.

The Articles of Confederation were America's first rulebook for governing the country. Students examine what those rules got right, what they got wrong, and how a farmers' revolt in Massachusetts convinced leaders that the country needed a stronger national government.

Students examine the fights and compromises at the 1787 Constitutional Convention: how power would be split between states and the federal government, how to handle trade and foreign policy, how to elect a president, and how slavery shaped every debate.

Students compare what Federalists and Anti-Federalists argued about approving the Constitution, then explain how adding the Bill of Rights settled the dispute by protecting individual freedoms while still giving the new government real power.

Students examine the key decisions made by the first five presidents, from Washington through Monroe, and trace how those choices shaped the young country's government, foreign policy, and political divisions.

Students learn why America's first political parties formed, tracing the clash between Hamilton's push for a strong central government and Jefferson's defense of states' rights, through Washington's warnings about party divisions and the bitter 1800 presidential race.

Students examine how the young United States built its financial system, including how Alexander Hamilton's plans for a national bank, taxes, and public debt shaped the country's early economy.

Students learn how the Supreme Court gained the power to strike down laws that conflict with the Constitution. The 1803 case Marbury v. Madison established that the courts, not just Congress or the president, have the final say on what the Constitution allows.

Students trace how the young United States handled conflicts with Britain and France over trade and neutrality, while also examining the treaties, land disputes, and wars that shaped relations with Native American nations during this period.

Students examine why the United States went to war with Britain in 1812, what the fighting cost both sides, and how the outcome reshaped trade, borders, and the lives of Native American nations.

Students examine how the ideas behind the American Revolution, such as liberty and equality, created tension with the existence of slavery, and why those ideals led some states to limit slavery while others defended it.

The years after the Revolution saw real cracks in American slavery. Students trace how northern states began outlawing slavery through new laws, court rulings, and the first organized groups dedicated to ending it.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 drew a legal line: slavery was banned in any new state formed north of the Ohio River. Students explain why that boundary mattered and what it set in motion for the debate over slavery as the country expanded westward.

Students learn why the U.S. pushed its borders westward before 1848, what that expansion looked like in practice, and what it cost the people already living on that land.

Students trace how four early land deals and laws pushed the United States' borders westward, from the 1783 peace agreement with Britain through the 1803 purchase of land stretching to the Rocky Mountains.

Students learn how the Indian Removal Act forced Native American nations from their homelands in the 1830s, and how tribes like the Cherokee fought back legally and politically before being driven west along the Trail of Tears.

New tools and inventions made westward expansion possible. Students examine how technologies like the steam engine and telegraph helped settlers move into new territory and allowed the U.S. government to extend its reach before 1848.

Students examine why families packed up and headed west on trails like the Oregon and Santa Fe, then trace what happened when settlers flooded California, Oregon, Texas, and Utah. That includes the impact on Native peoples and Mexican communities already living there, and on the country as a whole.

Students compare what was happening in Alabama between 1781 and 1823, including land deals, settlers moving in, the Creek War, and statehood, to what was happening in the rest of the country at the same time.

Students examine how reform movements like abolitionism and women's suffrage shaped what Americans believed the country stood for. The focus is on how those debates, from roughly 1800 to 1860, pushed the nation toward a clearer sense of shared identity.

The Age of Reform reshaped who held political power in America. Students examine how Andrew Jackson's presidency expanded voting rights for ordinary white men while pushing Native Americans off their land, and what that shift meant for American democracy.

Artists, writers, ministers, and reformers in the early 1800s shaped what it meant to be American. Students explore how those individuals and movements built a shared national culture through their work.

Women in the early 1800s were expected to stay home and out of public life. This standard looks at how women pushed back by joining reform movements like abolitionism and early women's rights, using those causes to demand a larger role in society.

Women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony pushed for the right to vote and access to education in the decades before the Civil War. Students summarize what these reformers did and why it mattered.

Students learn how the cotton gin and new southern land turned cotton into a booming crop, and why that growth led to a sharp rise in the number of people held in slavery.

Cheaper land in the South and the cotton gin made growing cotton far more profitable, which drove a sharp rise in the buying and selling of enslaved people across state lines. Students examine where and how slavery operated differently across the country.

Enslaved people held onto African traditions while building something new in America. Students examine how communities preserved languages, recipes, music, and spiritual practices under slavery, and how those traditions shaped a distinct culture that endured.

Students trace how the North's factories and the South's plantations pulled the two regions apart, turning economic rivalry into a political standoff that threatened to split the country.

The Market Revolution remade the northern United States in the early 1800s. Students explain how new factories, canals, and railroads shifted northern towns from farming to manufacturing, drawing workers into cities and changing everyday life.

Students examine Henry Clay's plan to grow the national economy through protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements like roads and canals, then explain how that plan widened the divide between the industrial North and the agrarian South.

Students compare how Northern and Southern leaders clashed over tariffs, banking, and trade in the 1800s, and trace how those disagreements hardened into the political fights that pushed the country toward Civil War.

Students trace how the movement to end slavery grew over time, from early voices to full-scale campaigns. They study who led the fight, what they argued, and how communities in the North and South pushed back or rallied behind them.

Enslaved and free Black Americans pushed back against slavery in many ways, from escaping and organizing revolts to spreading antislavery ideas. Students examine how those acts of resistance pushed southern states to write harsher laws meant to control enslaved people.

The Second Great Awakening sparked a religious debate over slavery. Students examine how churches split apart when groups like the Quakers argued that slavery was morally wrong, dividing congregations across the country.

Students learn who Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, and other leading abolitionists were, and study the specific arguments they made against slavery and against the claims used to defend it.

Students examine how the Underground Railroad pushed slavery into national debate, leading Congress to pass the Fugitive Slave Act and spurring Harriet Beecher Stowe to write Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Students trace how laws and political disputes over slavery pulled Northern and Southern states further apart in the decades before the Civil War.

Students trace the laws and court rulings from 1820 to 1861 that tried to settle the slavery debate, then explain how the North and South each responded and why those responses pushed the two sides further apart.

Students build an argument connecting the Texas Revolution and Mexican-American War to the growing fight over whether new territory would allow slavery. The goal is to show how land gained from those conflicts made the North-South divide harder to ignore.

Students examine how Alabama changed in the decades before the Civil War, including how the state's economy depended on cotton and enslaved labor, how conflict with Creek nations shaped the region, and why Alabama eventually left the Union.

Political fights over slavery in the 1850s split existing parties apart and created new ones. Students trace how that collapse reshaped American politics, put Lincoln in the White House in 1860, and pushed southern states to leave the Union.

Students trace how the Civil War unfolded from its early battles to the Union's final victory, looking at the choices generals, presidents, and politicians made along the way and how those choices ended slavery.

Students compare how the Union and Confederacy fought the Civil War differently, looking at their generals, armies, and supplies to explain why key battles turned out the way they did.

Alabama sat at the center of the Civil War as the first capital of the Confederacy. Students examine how the state's politics, economy, and population shaped the war's early direction and what that meant for the people living there.

Students examine what daily life looked like for ordinary people during the Civil War, including how both free citizens and enslaved people shaped the war through their labor, resistance, and service.

New weapons, railroads, and the telegraph changed how the Civil War was fought. Students examine how mid-1800s technology shaped military strategy, battlefield decisions, and the war's outcome.

Students trace how enslaved people gained freedom during and after the Civil War, from those who freed themselves by escaping to Union lines, to Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, to the Thirteenth Amendment making slavery illegal nationwide.

Students examine what changed in the South after the Civil War, looking at how formerly enslaved people gained and then lost rights, how Southern economies rebuilt, and how new laws reshaped daily life for Black and white Southerners alike.

Students examine how formerly enslaved people, Southern landowners, and federal lawmakers each pushed for or pushed back against change during Reconstruction. This covers voting rights, land ownership, and new labor arrangements after the Civil War.

Students compare how Congress and the president each proposed to rebuild the South after the Civil War, including the laws and constitutional amendments each side pushed through.

After emancipation, formerly enslaved people saw owning land and controlling their own work as the core of real freedom. Sharecropping and other labor systems quickly replaced slavery with arrangements that kept Black Southerners poor and bound to white landowners.

After the Civil War, Black Southerners built churches, civic groups, and political networks to organize voters and get Black candidates elected to local, state, and federal office for the first time.

Students build a written argument explaining why Reconstruction ended, using events like the withdrawal of federal troops, political deals, and rising resistance in the South to support their case.

Westward expansion after the Civil War brought new farms, railroads, and towns to the West. Students examine who gained from that growth and who was displaced, including Native communities already living on the land.

The Homestead Act gave settlers free land if they farmed it, and the transcontinental railroad made cross-country travel possible in days instead of months. Students explain how both pulled millions of people westward after the Civil War.

Mining and cattle industries drove rapid growth in the West after the Civil War, but they also reshaped the land. Students examine how extracting ore and moving cattle herds across open range brought wealth to some while straining rivers, soil, and the communities that depended on them.

Students learn how U.S. government policies and Army campaigns pushed Native Americans off their lands after the Civil War, and how Native peoples fought back against those actions.

Students examine why the U.S. pushed into Asia and the Pacific in the late 1800s, looking at trade routes, naval bases, and political pressure. They weigh whether those efforts helped or harmed the people already living there.

Asian immigrants built railroads, worked mines, and ran farms that powered the American West in the 1800s. Students examine both those contributions and the discrimination and legal restrictions these workers faced.

Students learn why the United States wanted control of Hawaii in the late 1800s and how native Hawaiians pushed back against annexation, including the role of Queen Liliuokalani in resisting U.S. takeover.

Students examine how the U.S. changed between the Civil War and World War I, from a rural farming nation into an industrial one, and how those changes reshaped politics, cities, and everyday life.

Students study how the gap between America's wealthy elite and everyone else sparked public outrage in the late 1800s, then trace the laws and movements that followed as reformers pushed governments to crack down on corruption.

Students learn how inventions and new business ideas during the 1800s and early 1900s changed everyday life in America, from how people worked and traveled to how goods were made and sold.

Students examine why people left farms and small towns (push) and what drew them toward cities (pull) during America's industrial boom. They look at job growth, immigration waves, and shrinking rural work to explain how U.S. cities grew so fast between the 1870s and 1920s.

Students examine what daily life actually looked like as American cities grew fast: crowded tenements, factory work, new middle and wealthy classes, and the rise of parks, theaters, and spectator sports.

Reform movements rose when city life got crowded, dangerous, and unequal. Students explain why some groups pushed for change (safer workplaces, better housing) while others pushed back against immigrants and newcomers taking root in American cities.

Students study where immigrant groups settled in American cities during the late 1800s and early 1900s, why they left their home countries, and how they held onto or gave up parts of their culture in a new place.

Students learn how ordinary farmers and city reformers pushed back against big business and corrupt government in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and what those efforts actually changed in law and daily life.

Students build an argument for why farm organizations like the Grange and the Farmers' Alliance mattered, explaining how these groups pushed for economic changes that shaped everyday life for rural families in the late 1800s.

Muckrakers were journalists and writers who exposed dangerous factories, corrupt politicians, and unsafe food in the early 1900s. Students weigh how well their books, articles, and photos actually pushed Congress and the public to act.

Labor unions were groups of workers who joined together to push for safer workplaces, shorter hours, and fairer pay. Students study how these unions formed in the late 1800s and what they won for industrial workers.

Female reformers pushed for women's right to vote and for limits on alcohol, but they disagreed on strategy and priorities. Students examine who led these fights, what each group believed, and why their approaches sometimes clashed.

After the Civil War, Southern states built new industries while also passing laws that stripped Black Americans of political and social rights. Students learn how Black leaders and communities pushed back against those laws and fought to reclaim the rights Reconstruction had promised.

After Reconstruction, Southern states passed laws that forced Black Americans into separate and unequal schools, jobs, and public spaces. Students explain how those laws, the 1896 Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson, and racial violence locked that system in place.

Alabama's 1901 constitution was written to strip Black citizens of voting rights and lock in white political control. Students explain why white leaders pushed for it and how it shaped Alabama's laws, elections, and economy for decades after.

Students study how Black leaders, churches, and civic groups pushed back against Jim Crow laws and racial violence around 1900. The definition covers who led that fight, what methods they used, and what changed as a result.

Students study how Black Americans built schools, colleges, and organizations in the late 1800s to expand access to education and jobs despite legal segregation.

Students compare three presidents who each pushed to rein in big business and expand government's role in daily life, then weigh what each one actually got done. Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson had overlapping goals but took different paths to reach them.

Students read landmark laws from the early 1900s and judge whether they actually stopped big companies from squashing competition. The focus is on two federal antitrust acts and how well Congress followed through on its promises.

Students learn which laws and policies from the early 1900s changed how government worked, including new rules on big business, food safety, and who could vote.

Students learn to tell apart bar graphs, pie charts, maps, and infographics, then explain why a mapmaker or data designer picked that format to show a pattern or trend.

Students learn what makes a place a region (shared climate, culture, or economy) and how regions affect each other. Think trade between the Midwest and coastal cities, or how a drought in one area ripples into food prices somewhere else.

Students research where people live across the globe and explain why populations cluster in some places and thin out in others, such as why coasts and river valleys fill up while deserts stay sparse.

Sociology is the scientific study of how people behave in groups, from families and schools to whole societies. Students learn how this field developed and why researchers began studying social life the way scientists study the natural world.

Students learn what key thinkers contributed to sociology as a field. That means studying figures like Durkheim, Marx, and Du Bois and understanding what each one argued about society, inequality, and human behavior.

Students learn the core ideas sociologists use to explain how societies work: why groups hold together, who holds power, how people act within social systems, and what shared beliefs and customs shape everyday life.

Sociologists study people and society using surveys, interviews, and observation. Students learn how researchers choose a method, collect data, and draw conclusions about how groups behave.

Sociologists use two main research approaches. Qualitative methods gather descriptions and stories, like interviews or observations. Quantitative methods gather numbers, like surveys with countable responses. Students learn to tell these apart and give examples of each.

Sociologists study why people act the way they do, alone and in groups. This standard covers how researchers explain what they find and why those findings matter to the rest of us.

Students compare three big-picture explanations for how society works: one focused on keeping things stable, one on power and inequality, and one on how everyday symbols and interactions shape meaning between people.

Students take a real-world situation, such as poverty or school dress codes, and explain it three different ways: as a system working (or breaking down), as a power struggle, and as a matter of shared meaning. Then they compare what each explanation gets right.

A news story about the same event can look very different depending on who made it and where. Students examine how a reporter's country, culture, or political background shapes what details get included and how the story is framed.

Students compare how different news sources cover the same event and explain why two people who read different outlets might come away with very different ideas about what actually happened.

News stories shape how people see the world. Students examine how a single event can affect someone's daily life, a neighborhood's decisions, and relationships between countries at the same time.

Students read today's news and connect it to older events that help explain why something is happening now. A war, an election, or a protest makes more sense when students can trace the history behind it.

Students find the places mentioned in news stories on a map. Connecting a headline to a location helps students understand where an event happened and why geography matters to the story.

Students compare how the same news story looks across different sources, such as a cable channel, a foreign newspaper, and a social media feed, to see what each one emphasizes, leaves out, or frames differently.

Students learn to tell a credible news source from an unreliable one by checking who wrote the story, who funded the outlet, and whether other sources report the same facts.

Students learn to spot when a media source or AI tool is being used responsibly versus being used to mislead. They compare how the same story can be framed, distorted, or fabricated depending on the platform.

Students examine opinion pieces, cable news commentary, and political cartoons to figure out what point of view is being pushed and what information might be left out.

Students learn how polls are designed and conducted, then examine what makes results unreliable. That includes questions worded to push a certain answer and samples that leave out whole groups of people.

Students read real news stories and make sense of the numbers inside them, like poll results, unemployment rates, or budget figures, to understand what those numbers actually mean for a political or social issue.

Psychology grew out of philosophy and biology before becoming its own field of science. Students trace that history, from early thinkers debating the mind to researchers running controlled experiments in labs.

Psychology started as a branch of philosophy and biology before becoming its own science in the late 1800s. Students trace that history, from early thinkers to the researchers and experiments that shaped how we study the mind today.

Students learn to tell apart the major schools of thought in psychology, from early structuralism and behaviorism to later movements like humanism and cognitive psychology, and explain how each one changed the way psychologists study the mind and behavior.

Modern psychologists rarely rely on a single explanation for why people think or act the way they do. Students learn how researchers combine biological, social, and cultural lenses to build a fuller picture of human behavior.

Researchers use specific tools and methods to study human behavior. Students learn how psychologists design experiments, collect data, and draw conclusions from what they observe.

In an experiment, the independent variable is what researchers change on purpose, and the dependent variable is what they measure. Students learn to spot confounding variables that muddy the results and explain what the control and experimental groups each do.

Students learn how psychologists design experiments step by step, from picking a hypothesis to controlling variables, so the results actually reflect what happened and not just chance.

The American Psychological Association sets the rules researchers must follow to protect people and animals in psychology studies. Students learn what those rules require and why they exist.

Students learn what psychologists actually do for work beyond therapy, from running research studies and consulting businesses to working in schools, courtrooms, and hospitals.

Students pick a historical event and explain how people remember it today, and why that memory shapes the way we think about it now.

Students find real examples of how a historical event or person is represented today, such as in museums, textbooks, or public memorials, and explain what those representations say about how people think about the past now.

Students examine why people today see a historical event differently than those who lived through it, looking at how textbooks, memorials, politics, and time itself shape what gets remembered and why.

Students read articles, books, and expert accounts written about a historical event, then compare what different sources say and weigh how reliable each one is.

Students weigh what different secondary sources get right and where they fall short. A biography might offer deep context on one person but miss the bigger picture; a textbook might cover the era but gloss over key details.

Historians don't just report facts. Students learn how a historian selects evidence, makes judgment calls, and builds an argument about what happened and why.

Students read what different historians have written about the same event and explain why their interpretations differ. The focus is on how a historian's perspective, evidence, or era shapes the story they tell.

Historic preservation keeps old buildings, documents, and sites from being lost or destroyed. Students explain how choosing what to preserve shapes which parts of the past people remember and which parts get left out.

Students learn how communities save history through museums, landmarks, archives, and monuments. They look at real examples to understand how each method shapes what people remember about the past.

Students explain why historians define the Holocaust as a deliberate, government-organized campaign to persecute and murder Jewish people across Europe, carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies from 1933 to 1945.

Students trace where antisemitism came from and how it spread across centuries, from ancient scapegoating to religious persecution to the racial laws that preceded the Holocaust.

Students learn what Jewish religious life actually looked like historically and today, then examine where antisemitic myths came from and how those false beliefs were used to justify discrimination.

Students examine how the Nazi regime borrowed from centuries of anti-Jewish prejudice to portray Jewish people as a shared enemy of Germany, turning old hatred into official government policy.

Students trace how antisemitism grew in the United States during the early 1900s, from rising hate groups and immigration restrictions to mainstream figures who publicly blamed Jewish people for social and economic problems.

Students study what daily life looked like for Jewish communities across Europe before World War II, including how families worked, worshipped, and organized their communities. They also compare how those lives differed by country or region.

Students locate pre-war Jewish communities on a map of Europe, including small Eastern European towns called shtetls, and recognize how Jewish populations were spread across different regions by the early 1900s.

Enlightenment thinkers argued that reason, not kings or churches, should guide governments. Students trace how those ideas spread and pushed people in Europe and the Americas to demand new rights and overthrow old rulers.

Students read and compare the core ideas of six Enlightenment thinkers, looking at what each believed about individual rights, government power, free markets, and the equality of women.

Students learn how Enlightenment ideas about rights, liberty, and government gave American colonists the language and arguments they used to justify breaking from Britain.

Students examine what pushed France into revolution in the late 1700s and what changed after, from the fall of the monarchy to the rise of Napoleon and the spread of revolutionary ideas across Europe.

Students examine how the American Revolution gave French reformers a working model: a government built on individual rights, written laws, and elected leaders. That example helped push France toward its own revolution a decade later.

Different groups in the French Revolution wanted different things. Students learn what the middle class, the poor, and radical leaders each hoped to gain, and why those clashing goals pushed the revolution in new directions.

Students study how the French Revolution turned violent in the early 1790s, when a radical government executed thousands of people it called enemies, including eventually its own leader, Robespierre.

Students trace how Napoleon's conquests reshaped European borders, then examine how the Congress of Vienna redrew those borders again after his defeat and what political order it left behind.

Students learn what sparked independence movements across Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1800s and what changed once colonial rule ended. They connect the causes, such as inequality and European wars, to the new governments and borders that followed.

Students read maps of Latin America and the Caribbean to locate where Spain, Portugal, and other European powers held colonies, then trace which independent countries emerged after those colonies broke free.

Students study the decisions and strategies of leaders who led independence movements across Latin America and the Caribbean, looking at how figures like Simón Bolívar and Toussaint Louverture built support, fought colonial powers, and shaped the nations that followed.

Students examine how factories, steam power, and mass production reshaped European life: who held wealth, how cities grew, and why new political movements rose to challenge the old order.

Students learn what factories actually looked like during Europe's Industrial Revolution: the machines that replaced hand tools, the long shifts workers put in, and the dangerous conditions that shaped early debates about workers' rights.

Students compare four big economic ideas that emerged as factories reshaped Europe: capitalism, utilitarianism, socialism, and Marxism. They read what thinkers like Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill, and Robert Owen actually argued about wealth, workers, and fairness.

Cities grew fast during the 1800s as factories drew workers from the countryside. Students explain how that shift created new social classes, changed daily life, and reshaped political power across Europe.

Students learn where Alabama's major geographic regions sit on a map and what makes each one distinct, from the rocky terrain of the Appalachian foothills to the flat lowlands near the Gulf Coast.

Students trace how Alabama's landforms and wildlife changed across three major chapters of Earth's history, from ancient seas that shaped today's limestone ridges to the forests and river systems that developed more recently.

Students explain how Alabama's landforms, rivers, and climate zones create conditions for an unusually wide variety of plants and animals to thrive across the state.

Students examine who lives in Alabama today, where those people came from, and how past and present migration shaped the state's population. Think age, race, and where different communities settled over time.

Alabama's location in the Gulf South puts it in the path of hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods. Students explain why the state faces those risks and describe how people there prepare before a storm hits and respond after one does.

Students study how cultures spread, mix, and settle across the world. They look at why some regions share languages, religions, or traditions and how those patterns shift over time.

Culture covers the shared habits and beliefs that shape how a group of people live. Students identify how things like language, religion, food, buildings, and daily customs vary across societies and reflect the values of the people who practice them.

Material culture is the physical stuff a society makes and uses, from tools to clothing. Nonmaterial culture is the beliefs, traditions, and customs people carry in their heads. Students learn to tell these apart, including folk customs passed down through generations.

Music, dance, fashion, and art reveal how a culture thinks, celebrates, and organizes daily life. Students explain what those creative choices tell us about the people who made them, across different times and places.

Students look at a neighborhood, city, or region and explain how its buildings, farms, businesses, and public spaces reveal what the people who live there value, how they earn a living, and what they can afford.

Students look at buildings (homes, factories, churches, skyscrapers) and explain what each one was built to do. They also compare how building styles and purposes shift between small towns and cities.

Students examine how languages spread across the world and why some are spoken by billions while others survive in only one region. They look at patterns like colonial history, migration, and trade to explain why certain languages dominate entire continents.

Students identify which languages are spoken by the most people worldwide, then trace where each language came from and how it spread over time.

Students build a written argument about why the world's many languages both enrich cultures and spark conflict between groups. They support their position with evidence and address more than one side of the debate.

Students explain how religion shapes the way people dress, celebrate, build, and organize daily life, drawing on real examples from different countries and regions.

Students learn where major world religions began and how they spread across different regions over time.

Students compare wedding, funeral, and coming-of-age ceremonies from different world religions, noting what those rituals share and how they differ across cultures.

Students examine how religious beliefs shape the laws, leadership, and political decisions of countries around the world, from theocracies in the Middle East to faith-based voting patterns in the United States.

Students compare how men and women are treated differently across cultures, looking at societies where family identity and inheritance pass through the mother's line versus the father's line.

Students study the earliest Native American groups who lived in Alabama before European contact, looking at how they organized their communities, traded and farmed, and made decisions about who led them.